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✅ सही उत्तर: A — Soan River, Punjab/Pakistan
सोन संस्कृति (Soan Culture) का नाम पाकिस्तान के पंजाब में बहने वाली सोन (Soan/Sohan) नदी के नाम पर रखा गया है। पोटवार पठार पर सोन नदी घाटी में पुरापाषाण काल के Chopper-Chopping tools मिले हैं।
❌ गलत: B — Son River (Bihar) — बिहार की सोन नदी अलग है। सोन संस्कृति पाकिस्तान की Soan नदी से है, Bihar की Son River से नहीं।
❌ गलत: C — Sone River (UP) — UP की सोने नदी से भी इसका संबंध नहीं। नाम की समानता भ्रामक है।
❌ गलत: D — Sabarmati River — साबरमती गुजरात में बहती है, इसका सोन संस्कृति से कोई संबंध नहीं।
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The Prehistoric Period of India (before written records) is divided into three main ages: 1) Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age, 500,000-10,000 BCE) - people were hunter-gatherers using rough stone tools, 2) Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age, 10,000-4000 BCE) - use of microliths (small blades), 3) Neolithic Age (New Stone Age, 4000-1800 BCE) - settled farming communities and polished tools.
Paleolithic Age in India had three phases: Early Paleolithic (500,000-100,000 BCE) with hand axes at Attirampakkam; Middle Paleolithic (100,000-40,000 BCE) with flake tools; Late Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 BCE) with blade tools. People were nomadic hunter-gatherers, lived in caves (Bhimbetka Caves, Madhya Pradesh - UNESCO Heritage Site), and painted rock shelters.
The Neolithic Age (4000-1800 BCE) marked the transition to settled agriculture and animal domestication. Important Neolithic sites: Mehrgarh (Balochistan, oldest, 7000 BCE), Burzahom (Kashmir), Gufkral (Kashmir), Piklihal and Hallur (Karnataka), Brahmagiri (Karnataka), and Chirand (Bihar). People used polished stone tools, made pottery, cultivated wheat and barley, and domesticated cattle.
The Chalcolithic Age (Copper-Stone Age, 1800-1000 BCE) saw the first use of metals alongside stone tools. Major Chalcolithic cultures in India: Ahar culture (Rajasthan), Malwa culture (Madhya Pradesh), Jorwe culture (Maharashtra), and Rangpur/Lothal (Gujarat). Features: copper and bronze tools, painted black-on-red pottery, agriculture, trade with neighboring cultures.
Most famous prehistoric site: Bhimbetka Caves (Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh) - UNESCO World Heritage Site with over 700 rock shelters, paintings from 30,000 to 200 BCE. Paintings depict hunting scenes, animals (bison, deer, elephant), dancing, and daily life. Bhimbetka is the longest occupation cave site in India and a key topic for UPSC and SSC exams.
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