The statement is resolved by identifying Nirguna bhakti as the precise match. Kabir's verses emphasise a formless divine, interior devotion and criticism of empty ritual, sectarian pride and rigid social distinctions. Bhakti and Sufi traditions were diverse rather than a single uniform movement. The distractors need separate rejection: Tantric Buddhism belongs to a different institution, context or chronology; Temple-centred Shaivism does not perform the function described in the stem; and Saguna Rama worship fails the required association. The wording of “Kabir's devotional teaching is most accurately classified as which tradition?” is deliberately specific, so the candidate should isolate its operative clue before recalling names. — Nirguna bhakti”, but also remember the factual reason stated above.