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Environmental changes, especially shifts in river courses, are often suggested as one reason for decline.
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Ancient History of India covers the period from prehistoric times to around 7th century AD. It includes the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Age, Maurya Empire, Gupta Empire, and other dynasties. Ancient Indian history is a key subject in UPSC, SSC, and State PSC exams.
Most important Ancient Indian History topics: Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Age (Rigvedic and Later Vedic), Buddhism and Jainism, Maurya Empire under Ashoka, Gupta Empire called Golden Age, and South Indian Kingdoms. These topics have high weightage in UPSC Prelims and SSC CGL exams.
The Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE) is one of the world oldest civilizations. Major sites include Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Lothal. It had advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and trade networks. It is extensively asked in UPSC, SSC, and banking exams.
Important Maurya rulers: Chandragupta Maurya (founder), Bindusara, and Ashoka the Great. Ashoka spread Buddhism after the Kalinga War in 261 BCE. The Arthashastra was written by Kautilya also known as Chanakya. Mauryan Empire questions frequently appear in UPSC and SSC exams.
The Gupta Period (4th-6th century AD) is called the Golden Age of India. Under rulers like Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya), India saw great advancements in art, science, literature, and mathematics. Aryabhata discovered zero during this period.
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