In Environment and Ecology, which term combines the facts “mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered” and “a process for examining likely environmental effects before project decisions”?

Correct Answer: Option A — Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment is correct because it is a process for examining likely environmental effects before project decisions. Environmental Impact Assessment is also specifically associated with mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered. Two additional identifying facts are that Environmental Impact Assessment is mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered and Environmental Impact Assessment is associated with monitoring helps compare actual outcomes with commitments. Why the other options are incorrect: • Option B — Ecosystem: Ecosystem is a functional unit of organisms and their physical environment. • Option C — Food Chain: Food Chain is a linear sequence showing transfer of food energy. • Option D — Biodiversity Hotspot: Biodiversity Hotspot is a region combining exceptional endemism with severe habitat loss. It is incorrect here because its separate identifying association is parts of the Himalaya and Western Ghats-Sri Lanka hotspots occur in India. Exam Takeaway: Connect Environmental Impact Assessment with “a process for examining likely environmental effects before project decisions” and “mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered”.