In Environment and Ecology, which term combines the facts “a process for examining likely environmental effects before project decisions” and “mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered”?

Correct Answer: Option C — Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment is correct because it is mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered. Environmental Impact Assessment is also specifically associated with a process for examining likely environmental effects before project decisions. Two additional identifying facts are that Environmental Impact Assessment is mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered and Environmental Impact Assessment is associated with monitoring helps compare actual outcomes with commitments. Why the other options are incorrect: • Option A — Ecosystem: Ecosystem is energy flows while nutrients cycle through the system. It is incorrect here because its separate identifying association is a functional unit of organisms and their physical environment. • Option B — Food Chain: Food Chain is consumers occupy successive trophic levels. It is incorrect here because its separate identifying association is a linear sequence showing transfer of food energy. • Option D — Biodiversity Hotspot: Biodiversity Hotspot is parts of the Himalaya and Western Ghats-Sri Lanka hotspots occur in India. Exam Takeaway: Connect Environmental Impact Assessment with “mitigation and environmental-management measures are considered” and “a process for examining likely environmental effects before project decisions”.