Which Indian soil term is correctly associated with important geographical fact “irrigation can make suitable areas productive but may increase salinity if poorly managed”, and also with “a sandy soil of arid and semi-arid environments”?

Correct Answer: Option D — Arid Soil. Arid Soil is correctly identified as irrigation can make suitable areas productive but may increase salinity if poorly managed. Arid Soil is also associated with a sandy soil of arid and semi-arid environments. Another identifying fact about Arid Soil is that low humus and moisture are common limitations. A further exam-relevant fact about Arid Soil is that irrigation can make suitable areas productive but may increase salinity if poorly managed. Why the other options are incorrect: • Option A — Forest and Mountain Soil: Forest and Mountain Soil is terraced and valley areas may support tea, spices and temperate fruits. It is incorrect here because Forest and Mountain Soil is instead associated with a variable soil group formed under mountain vegetation and relief. • Option B — Saline and Alkaline Soil: Saline and Alkaline Soil is drainage, leaching and gypsum treatment can aid reclamation where appropriate. It is incorrect here because Saline and Alkaline Soil is instead associated with a soil containing excessive soluble salts or exchangeable sodium. • Option C — Peaty and Marshy Soil: Peaty and Marshy Soil is prolonged saturation slows decomposition of plant material. It is incorrect here because Peaty and Marshy Soil is instead associated with an organic-rich soil formed in waterlogged conditions. Exam Takeaway: Connect Arid Soil with “irrigation can make suitable areas productive but may increase salinity if poorly managed” and “a sandy soil of arid and semi-arid environments” for revision.