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This question explains why eclipses are rare events despite Moon-Sun-Earth alignment happening monthly. The Moon is large enough to cause both solar and lunar eclipses as it regularly does. The Moon's angular diameter (0.5°) closely matches the Sun's angular diameter making total solar eclipses possible. Moon size is not the reason eclipses don't occur monthly. The Moon orbits Earth in a plane tilted approximately 5° to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic).
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Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of light, including its reflection, refraction, and interaction with lenses and mirrors.
Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a surface, while refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different optical density.
A lens is a transparent optical device with curved surfaces that refracts light to converge or diverge rays, commonly classified as convex (converging) or concave (diverging).
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second, denoted by the symbol c.
Total internal reflection occurs when light traveling from a denser medium to a rarer medium strikes the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to be completely reflected back into the denser medium.
